Sensors

Various types of sensors and actuators collect a wide variety of information like location, weather, environmental conditions, grid parameters, movement on assembly lines, engine maintenance data, health essentials of a patient, fuel levels etc. They generate output as an electrical or optical signal. A sensor in IoT is called a node that will collect information and sent to the outside world through communication protocols like Bluetooth, BLE, ZigBee, Z-wave, Wi-Fi or through wired communication. These nodes forward the data to a Gateway. Sensors are the troops of the "Internet of Things", the on-the ground pieces of hardware doing the critical work of monitoring processes, taking measurements and collecting data.

Temperature Sensors

One of the most widely used sensor category which has application from the factory floor to agricultural fields. In manufacturing, these sensors can continually measure the temperature of a machine to ensure it stays within a secure threshold. On the farm, they are used to track the temperature of soil, water and plants to maximize output.

Thermocouples

This is the cheapest and the most versatile sensor. Applicable over wide temperature ranges (-200 C to 1200 C typical)

Thermistors

Very high sensitivity in medium ranges (up to 100 C typical). Compact but nonlinear in nature.

Thermo-diodes, Thermo-transistors

Ideally suited for chip temperature measurements. Minimized self-heating

RTD - Resistance Temperature Detector

More stable over a long period of time compared to thermocouple. Linear over a wide range

Infrared Type

Non-contact point sensor with resolution limited by wavelength.

Infrared Thermography

Measures whole-field temperature distribution.

Humidity Sensors

A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports the relative humidity in the air. It therefore measures both moisture and air temperature. They find application in environment monitoring sector, supply chain, perishable food, agriculture/farming, health monitoring and HVAC monitoring. They can also be found in offices, cars, humidors, museums, industrial spaces and greenhouses and can be used in meteorology stations to report and predict weather.

Pressure Sensors

Pressure sensors can be used to determine the flow of water through pipes and notify when something needs to be fixed. They are also used in smart vehicles and aircraft to determine force and altitude, respectively. It is also used for GPS based navigation. Deployment of these sensors is very useful in manufacturing, but also in maintenance of whole water systems and heating systems, as it is easy to detect any fluctuation or drops in pressure.

Proximity sensors

These sensors detect motion and are frequently used in a retail setting. A retailer can use a customer’s proximity to a product to send deals and coupons directly to their smartphone. Proximity sensors can also be used to monitor the availability of parking spaces in large venues like airports, malls and stadiums.

Infrared Sensors

An infrared sensor has several applications such as to determine heat leaks in houses, monitor blood flow in human bodies, identify pollution in the environment, the population in the industries etc. They can be integrated with wearable electronics.

Accelerometer Sensor

These sensors are now present in millions of devices, such as smartphones. Their uses involve detection of vibrations, tilting and acceleration in general. This is great for monitoring your driving fleet, or using a smart pedometer. In some instances, it is used as a form of anti-theft protection, as the sensor can send an alert through the system if an object that should remain stationary is moved.

Piezoelectric
Seismic

Piezoelectric Accelerometer

Good for measuring frequencies up to 40% of its natural frequency.

Seismic Accelerometer

Good for measuring frequencies up to 40% of its natural frequency.

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Gyroscope Sensors

These sensors are always combined with accelerometers. The use of these two sensors simply provide more feedback to the system. With gyroscopic sensors installed, many devices can help athletes improve the efficiency of their movements, as they gain access to the athletes’ movement during sports activities. This is only one example of its application, however, as the role of this sensor is to detect rotation or twist, its application is crucial for the automation of some manufacturing processes.

Flow Sensors

A flow sensor is a device used to measure the instant flow rate or quantity of a gas or liquid passing through a pipeline. Flow meters are also known by other names such as flow gauge, flow indicator, liquid meter etc. depending on the industry.

Pitot Tube - Widely used as a flow rate sensor to determine speed in aircrafts.
Orifice Plate - Least expensive with limited range.
Flow Nozzle, Venturi Tubes - Flow nozzle, venturi tubes. More complex and expensive .
Rotameter - Good for upstream flow measurements . Used in conjunction with variable inductance sensor .
Ultrasonic Type - Good for very high flow rates . Can be used for both upstream and downstream flow measurements .
Turbine Flow Meter - Not suited for fluids containing abrasive particles . Relationship between flow rate and angular velocity is linear.
Electromagnetic Flow Meter - Least intrusive as it is noncontact type . Can be used with fluids that are corrosive, contaminated etc. The fluid must be electrically conductive.

Level Sensors

Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids including slurries, granular materials and powders that exhibit an upper surface. Level sensors can be used for smart waste management and recycling purposes. Other applications of level sensors include measuring tank levels, diesel fuel gauging, liquid assets inventory, high or low-level alarms and irrigation control.

Angular Position Sensors

Angular position sensors can be found in a wide array of automotive applications including steering wheel, pedal, motor-shaft, throttle, torque, power seat and power mirror position sensing. They can also be used in industrial applications such as valve position sensing, in flow meters and in robotics.

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